단행본IET Pwer and Energy 93
Cogeneration and District Energy Systems: Modelling, Analysis and Optimization
- 발행사항
- London : The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2016
- 형태사항
- xxvi, 313 p. : ill ; 24cm
- 총서사항
- IET Pwer and Energy ; 93
- 서지주기
- Includes bibliographical references and indexes
소장정보
| 위치 | 등록번호 | 청구기호 / 출력 | 상태 | 반납예정일 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
이용 가능 (1) | ||||
| 자료실 | E206677 | 대출가능 | - | |
이용 가능 (1)
- 등록번호
- E206677
- 상태/반납예정일
- 대출가능
- -
- 위치/청구기호(출력)
- 자료실
책 소개
The advantages of district energy systems over conventional heating and cooling systems include improved efficiency, reliability and safety, reduced environmental impact, and for many situations they are more economical. They can be particularly beneficial when integrated with combined heat and power (CHP) plants, i.e. with cogeneration plants for electricity and heat. One of the main impediments to increased use of cogeneration-based district energy systems is a lack of understanding of the behavior of integrated forms of such systems. This important book covers district energy and CHP technologies, as well as systems that combine them. It focuses on modelling, analysis and optimization, of cogeneration-based district energy systems.
The modelling includes characterizing the general configurations and components of cogeneration and direct energy systems, and the development, verification and validation, of models for such systems. The analysis focuses on the application of thermodynamic analysis, and economic assessment techniques, to these systems. The optimization covers the identification of objective functions and constraints, and the development and application of optimization tools and computer code.
This comprehensive overview of existing systems provides an essential resource for engineers and researchers in a broad area including mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energy engineering, environmental engineering, process engineering and industrial engineering. It will also be of value to advanced undergraduate or graduate students in these disciplines.
The modelling includes characterizing the general configurations and components of cogeneration and direct energy systems, and the development, verification and validation, of models for such systems. The analysis focuses on the application of thermodynamic analysis, and economic assessment techniques, to these systems. The optimization covers the identification of objective functions and constraints, and the development and application of optimization tools and computer code.
This comprehensive overview of existing systems provides an essential resource for engineers and researchers in a broad area including mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energy engineering, environmental engineering, process engineering and industrial engineering. It will also be of value to advanced undergraduate or graduate students in these disciplines.
목차
Preface xv
About the Authors xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Nomenclature xxiii
1 Introduction 1
Overview 1
1.1 Groundwork 1
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3 Aims 3
1.4 Approach 3
1.5 Scope 4
1.6 Outline of the book 5
2 Thermodynamic analysis: fundamentals, energy and exergy 9
Overview 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Energy analysis 10
2.3 Exergy analysis 11
2.3.1 The exergy method of analysis 12
2.3.2 Improving efficiency with exergy analysis: illustration
for electricity generation 14
2.3.3 Illustration of exergy analysis for electrical resistance
space heating 16
2.3.4 Illustration of exergy analysis for thermal energy storage 17
2.4 Thermodynamic nomenclature and terminology 18
2.5 Thermodynamic balance equations and basic quantities 19
2.5.1 Balance equations 19
2.5.2 Quantities in balance equations 21
2.6 The reference environment 23
2.6.1 Natural-environment-subsystem models 24
2.6.2 Reference-substance models 25
2.6.3 Equilibrium and constrained-equilibrium models 26
2.6.4 Process-dependent models 27
2.7 Efficiencies 27
2.7.1 Conventional energy and exergy efficiencies 27
2.7.2 Alternative efficiencies 28
2.8 Properties for energy and exergy analyses 28
2.9 Implications of energy and exergy analyses on related
research and development 29
2.9.1 Correlating energy and exergy analyses with
allocations of research efforts 29
2.9.2 Measures to reduce exergy losses 30
2.10 Steps for energy and exergy analyses 31
2.11 Illustrative example 31
2.11.1 Description and subdivision for analysis
of system considered 31
2.11.2 Performance of conventional mass and energy balances 33
2.11.3 Selection of reference-environment model 33
2.11.4 Evaluation of energy and exergy flow rates 33
2.11.5 Performance of exergy balances and determination
of exergy consumptions 37
2.11.6 Selection and evaluation of efficiencies 37
2.11.7 Interpretation of results 37
2.12 Exergy values for typical commodities encountered
in cogeneration and district energy 38
2.12.1 Exergy values for thermal quantities 38
2.12.2 Exergy values for other thermodynamic quantities 39
2.13 Extensions of exergy methods 44
2.14 Closure 48
3 Cogeneration systems 49
Overview 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Fundamentals 50
3.3 Cogeneration and related energy systems 50
3.3.1 Cogeneration definition 50
3.3.2 Cogeneration vs. thermal electrical generation 54
3.3.3 Cogeneration benefits 54
3.3.4 Cogeneration uses and operation 55
3.3.5 Cogeneration applications 55
3.3.6 Cogeneration and energy storage 56
3.4 General cogeneration system model 56
3.5 Description of a general cogeneration system 60
3.5.1 Energy and exergy balances 60
3.5.2 Efficiencies 61
3.5.3 Trade-off between cogeneration electrical and
thermal outputs 62
3.6 Systems for electricity generation and cogeneration 67
3.6.1 Thermal electricity-generation systems 68
3.6.2 Cogeneration systems 71
3.7 Case study: reciprocating engine heat and power generation for
wastewater treatment 75
3.7.1 Cogeneration system 76
3.7.2 Anaerobic digesters 76
3.7.3 Biogas conditioning 76
3.7.4 Biogas storage tank 76
3.7.5 System benefits 76
3.8 Closure 77
4 Heating and district heating systems 79
Overview 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 General heating system model 80
4.3 Analyses for general heating system 80
4.3.1 Energy and exergy balances 80
4.3.2 Efficiencies 82
4.4 Systems for heating 83
4.4.1 Heating technologies and their characteristics 83
4.4.2 Fuel-based heating 85
4.4.3 Electricity-based heating 86
4.4.4 Waste heat recovery 87
4.4.5 Ground-based heating 87
4.4.6 Solar-based heating 88
4.4.7 Heat pumps 90
4.5 Systems for district heating 94
4.5.1 Description 94
4.5.2 Advantages of district heating 95
4.5.3 Operation and applications 96
4.5.4 History 97
4.5.5 Energy sources for district heating 97
4.5.6 Types of district heating systems 98
4.6 Case study: solar/biomass district heating in Marstal, Denmark 103
4.6.1 System description 103
4.6.2 System installation history 103
4.6.3 Cogeneration plant operation 105
4.6.4 Energy distribution network 106
4.6.5 Economics 106
4.6.6 System benefits 106
4.7 Closure 106
5 Chilling and district cooling systems 107
Overview 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 General cooling system model 108
5.3 Analyses for general cooling system 109
5.3.1 Energy and exergy balances 109
5.3.2 Efficiencies 109
5.4 Systems for cooling 110
5.4.1 Cooling technologies and their characteristics 111
5.4.2 Vapor-compression chiller systems 111
5.4.3 Absorption chiller systems 113
5.4.4 Free cooling 116
5.5 Systems for district cooling 117
5.5.1 Description and categorization 117
5.5.2 Distribution and capacity 118
5.5.3 Applications and examples 119
5.5.4 Types of district cooling systems 120
5.6 Case studies 123
5.6.1 Case study: district cooling network in Paris, France 123
5.6.2 Case study: free cooling plant in Paris, France 125
5.7 Closure 127
6 Integrated systems for cogeneration and district energy 129
Overview 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 District energy 130
6.3 Trigeneration and multigeneration 130
6.4 Cogeneration-based district energy 131
6.4.1 Variations of cogeneration-based district energy 132
6.4.2 Comparison of cogeneration-based district energy
with alternative and conventional systems 134
6.5 General system model and operation modes 135
6.6 Description of a combined cogeneration/district energy system 139
6.6.1 Energy and exergy balances 139
6.6.2 Efficiencies 140
6.6.3 Alternative measure of system efficiency 141
6.7 Systems for integrated cogeneration/district energy 144
6.8 Case study: cogeneration for district heating in
Houston, Texas, USA 144
6.8.1 Cogeneration system 144
6.8.2 Chilled water system 145
6.8.3 Energy storage 145
6.8.4 District energy network 145
6.8.5 System benefits 145
6.8.6 Operational performance 146
6.9 Closure 147
7 Comparison of systems for integrated cogeneration and
district energy 149
Overview 149
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Descriptions of cases considered 150
7.3 Efficiency measures for cases considered 151
7.4 Performance and efficiency of chillers 151
7.5 Performance and efficiency for cogeneration and heating 157
7.6 Performance and efficiency of integrated cogeneration/
district energy 158
7.7 Closure 160
8 Economics of cogeneration and district energy 161
Overview 161
8.1 Introduction 161
8.2 Fundamentals 162
8.3 General economic considerations 162
8.3.1 Estimation of TCI 163
8.3.2 Economic evaluation 167
8.3.3 Revenue requirements 167
8.3.4 Profitability evaluation methods 168
8.4 Cogeneration economics case study 168
8.4.1 Case-study scenario 168
8.4.2 Fixed and total capital investment 168
8.4.3 Cogeneration project economics 171
8.4.4 Fuel costs, start-up costs and WC 171
8.4.5 Plant facility investment and modified accelerated
cost recovery system 173
8.4.6 Product costs 174
8.5 Applications of cogeneration economics case study 175
8.5.1 Historical application 175
8.5.2 Modern application 175
8.6 Economic considerations for cogeneration/district energy systems 176
8.6.1 Economic considerations for generation and distribution 176
8.6.2 Economic considerations for consumers 178
8.7 Analogy between allocating wastes and economic costs for
cogeneration 179
8.8 Investigations of economics of cogeneration and district energy 180
8.8.1 Heating and district heating 180
8.8.2 Cooling and district cooling 181
8.8.3 Cogeneration and district energy 182
8.9 Closure 183
9 Environmental impact of cogeneration systems: wastes
and their allocation 185
Overview 185
9.1 Introduction 185
9.1.1 Motivation 186
9.1.2 Outline of chapter 187
9.2 Wastes from cogeneration 187
9.3 Allocation methods for cogeneration wastes 188
9.3.1 Selected methods for allocating cogeneration wastes 189
9.3.2 Rationale for allocating cogeneration wastes 193
9.3.3 Further discussion and comparison of allocation
methods for cogeneration wastes 197
9.3.4 Section closure 199
9.4 Case study 1: steam-based cogeneration 200
9.4.1 System description 200
9.4.2 Energy and exergy values 201
9.4.3 Waste allocation results 201
9.5 Case study 2: hot water-based cogeneration with district energy 202
9.5.1 System description 202
9.5.2 Energy and exergy values 203
9.5.3 Waste allocation results 204
9.6 Case study 3: comparison of waste allocations for cogeneration
and equivalent independent plants 207
9.6.1 Scenario description 207
9.6.2 Energy and exergy values 208
9.6.3 Waste allocation results 210
9.7 Closure 212
10 Climate change and cogeneration: addressing carbon
dioxide emissions 215
Overview 215
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Carbon dioxide emissions from cogeneration 218
10.3 Allocation methods for carbon dioxide emissions
from cogeneration 219
10.3.1 Simplified selected methods for allocating
carbon dioxide emissions for cogeneration 219
10.3.2 Basic considerations in allocating carbon dioxide
emissions for cogeneration 222
10.3.3 Exergy vs. energy in allocating cogeneration
CO2 emissions 223
10.4 Case study: comparing CO2 emissions allocations for
cogeneration and independent plants and use for determining
and trading CO2 emissions credits 225
10.4.1 Recap of case study 3 of section 9.6: comparison
of waste allocations for a cogeneration system and
equivalent independent plants 225
10.4.2 Carbon dioxide allocation results 227
10.4.3 CO2 emissions credits for trading purposes
from switching to cogeneration from equivalent
independent plants 228
10.5 Closure 235
11 Modeling and optimization of cogeneration-based district energy
systems accounting for economics and environmental impact 237
Overview 237
11.1 Introduction 237
11.2 Energy equilibrium model and its mathematical formulation 238
11.3 Methodologies for analysis of economic impacts 241
11.3.1 Partial social welfare change 241
11.3.2 Payback-period method 242
11.4 Methodologies for analysis of environmental impacts 242
11.5 Case study 243
11.5.1 Description of scenarios 243
11.5.2 Parameter values for the illustrative model 244
11.5.3 Resulting partial social welfare changes
and improvements 245
11.6 Closure 246
12 Developments and advances in technologies and systems
for cogeneration and district energy 247
Overview 247
12.1 Introduction 247
12.2 Cogeneration and extended cogeneration 249
12.2.1 Cogeneration 249
12.2.2 Trigeneration and multigeneration 251
12.3 Heating and cooling 254
12.3.1 Heating 255
12.3.2 Cooling 255
12.4 District energy 256
12.5 Integrated systems for cogeneration and district energy 257
12.6 Economics of systems and technologies related to cogeneration
and district energy 258
12.6.1 Economics of heating and cooling 258
12.6.2 Economics of district energy 258
12.6.3 Economics of cogeneration 259
12.6.4 Economics of trigeneration and multigeneration 261
12.6.5 Economics of cogeneration-based district energy 262
12.7 Reducing environmental impact and climate change with
cogeneration and district energy 264
12.7.1 Heating, cooling and district energy 265
12.7.2 Cogeneration and related systems 265
12.7.3 Trigeneration and related systems 266
12.7.4 Cogeneration-based district energy systems 267
12.8 Optimization of systems related to cogeneration and
district energy 267
12.8.1 Optimization of distributed energy systems 267
12.8.2 Optimization of cogeneration systems 269
12.8.3 Optimization of extended cogeneration systems 270
12.8.4 Optimization of district energy systems 272
12.8.5 Optimization of systems integrating cogeneration or
trigeneration and district energy 273
12.9 Closure 277
13 Closing and future considerations 279
Overview 279
13.1 Summary 279
13.2 Closing remarks 281
13.3 Future considerations 282
References 287
Index 315