The industrial sector is responsible for about 30 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Many of these emissions come from the heat needed for industrial processes in subsectors such as steel, concrete, chemicals, and glass production, since these subsectors typically rely on low-cost, high-emitting fossil fuels as their primary source for uninterrupted thermal energy. To reduce dependence on fossil fuels and achieve decarbonization targets, non-emitting heat sources that meet the unique challenges of powering the industrial sector must be further developed and deployed in the near future.