Under the Paris Agreement, each Party must submit its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for its emissions reduction to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) every 5 years, ahead of the relevant Conference of the Parties (COP). NDCs covering the period 2031 to 2035 must be submitted by February 2025, ahead of COP30 in Brazil in November 2025. The UK’s 2035 NDC target, announced by the Prime Minister at COP29 in November 2024, is to reduce all greenhouse gas emissions by at least 81% on 1990 levels, excluding international aviation and shipping emissions.