Dual arguments have become a standard tool for analysis of problems involving optimization by consumers and producers. The principal aim of this book is to provide a fairly systematic yet simple exposition of the basic structure of such arguments. The emphasis is not on providing mathematically general proofs; instead, a geometric approach is used to provide, in an informal way, an intuitive understanding of duality theory. This book introduces the most common alternative ways of representing preferences and technologies, such as indirect utility and distance functions, expenditure and cost functions, and profit and revenue functions. and it discusses the assumptions under which alternative formulations contain precisely the same information. Results such as Roy's identity. the Hotelling-Wold identity, and Shephard's lemma are fully explained. as are their roles in facilitating analysis of behaviour.

Dual arguments have become a standard tool for analysis of problems involving optimization by consumers and producers.

PART Ⅰ. Some Background Chapter 1. Some formal preliminaries: An informal treatment PART Ⅱ. Modelling Individual Consumer and Producer Behaviour Chapter 2. Individual consumer behaviour: Direct and indirect utility functions Chapter 3. Individual consumer behaviour: Expenditure and distance functions Chapter 4. Individual consumer behavior: Further useful relationships and formulations Chapter 5. Producer behavior Chapter 6. Consumer and producer behaviour: More useful topics Chapter 7. Consumer theory with many constraints PART Ⅲ. Applying the Model of Individual Behaviour Chapter 8. Aggregation analysis Chapter 9. Consumer theory and welfare Chapter 10. Externalities and public goods