The Paris Agreement on climate change constitutes an important milestone in international climate negotiations. Its key objective is the strengthening of the global response to climate change by transitioning the world to an increasingly green economy. In this book, environmental tax and climate law experts address the various issues surrounding green market transitions.Key chapters examine carbon taxes and systems of implementation, energy subsidies, and support schemes for carbon and energy policies. Using a multitude of international case studies, several contributing authors reflect on the underlying policy dynamics and the constraints of various fiscal measures. In addition, this timely work considers the important issue of smart instrument mixes, going beyond instrument choice to examine how they can work in harmony together.Astute and engaging, this book is a vital companion for students and scholars in environmental law, economics and sustainability. Its practical approach also renders it an excellent guide for policy makers and those involved in fiscal reform and green market transition.

Part I Carbon taxes 1. Carbon Tax Choices: The Tale of Four States 2. Carbon Taxation in EU Member States: Evidence from the Transport Sector 3. The Effect of Carbon Taxes on Emissions and Carbon Leakage: Evidence from the European Union 4. To Incentivise or Penalise: An Analysis of the proposed Carbon Tax in South Africa 5. Is the use of Carbon Offsets in the South African Carbon Tax a Smart mix? 6. Linking Carbon Tax Systems under the Paris Agreement: Potentials and Risks Part II Energy Subsidies and Support Schemes 7. Renewable Energy Deployment at the Interplay between Support Policies and Fossil Fuel Subsidies 8. Considerations against Subsidies and Tax Incentives for Nuclear Energy 9. Economic Effects of reforming Energy Tax Exemptions for the Industry in Germany 10. Parafiscal Charges and Contributions to General Electricity Networks: a Legal Analysis of its Nature under the Scope of Directive 2003/96 and the EU State aids regime Part III Policy Dynamics and Constraints 11. Why are Green Fiscal Policies such a small part of Green Economic Policies? Evidence from three European Countries 12. Conceptualising a Tax Policy mix for Resource Efficiency – Selected results from a three transition pathways approach 13. System Complexity as Key Determinant in achieving Efficacious Policy Transposition and Implementation 14. Developing the North American Carbon Market: Prospects for Sustainable Linking 15. Towards a ‘Third Dividend’ Analysis for Innovative Environmental Taxation Policies and Allocations: A Smart Instrument mix for the Reduction of CO2 emissions Part IV In Search of Instruments in Other Policy Areas 16. Landscape and Taxation: the “minor” Instruments 17. Exploring the Policy Mix for Biodiversity Financing: Opportunities provided by Environmental Fiscal Instruments in the EU Index