Disorder: Hard Times in the 21st Century explains the historical origins of the political shocks of the past decade: why politics has been so difficult, why energy and debt are such a large part of these difficulties, and how two rather different kinds of democratic crises exist in Europe and the United States.

Getting to grips with the overlapping geopolitical, economic, and political crises faced by Western democratic societies in the 2020s. Disorder: Hard TImes in the 21st Century explains the historical origins of the political shocks of the past decade, showing how the Covid-19 crisis blew apart fault lines in western democracies, the US-China relationship, NATO, and the European Union that had been accumulating for decades. The book tells three historical stories. The geopolitical story begins with the inherent difficulties the United States faced as an ascendant non-Eurasian power in the early twentieth century, especially in the Middle East, and culminates in the American turn away from China in a world in which the United States is simultaneously a declining military power and a resurgent energy and financial power. The economic story begins in the 1970s and explains how the rise of the Eurodollar system and the decade's energy crises remade the monetary world and the European Union, and how the Federal Reserve and China's response to the 2007-8 crash in preventing an economic collapse let lose a succession of economic and energy problems that cannot now be resolved. The final story situates the present instability in the need for democracies to maintain 'losers' consent' and to be repaired when they become unbalanced. It also shows why such repair is so difficult under present geopolitical and economic conditions.

Acknowledgements Introduction: Disruption Ⅰ. GEOPOLITICS 1. The age of oil begins 2. The impossible oil guarantee 3. Eurasia remade Ⅱ. ECONOMY 4. Our currencies, your problem 5. Made in china, need dollars 6. We are not in kansas any more Ⅲ. DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 7. Democratic time 8. The rise and decline of the democratic tax state 9. Whither reform Conclusion: The more things change Notes Index