This book examines the Iranian natural gas industry and focuses on identification and analysis of political, legal, and economic barriers to its development.

This book critically examines exports of Iranian natural gas to regional and international markets. Owning the world's largest proven natural gas reserves, Iran can potentially be considered a major gas exporter. Yet, stringent international sanctions, coupled with domestic politicisation of the industry and lack of an 'attractive' investment framework, have made Iran unable to capitalise its huge natural gas potential both in domestic and international markets. In this book, a multidisciplinary approach is adopted to examine the main challenges hampering Iran's ability to become a major gas exporter. These challenges range from political and legal to economic and fiscal. The issue of supplying gas to domestic or export markets in the light of the country's current limited production capacity has turned into a major political debate between the Parliament and the Government resulting in failure to fully meet its supply commitments to either market. Inability to produce adequate volumes of gas and its 'ambitious' gas expansion policies both in domestic and international markets, has forced the country to import gas from Turkmenistan. The unexpected title of 'a net gas importer' for a country with the largest gas reserves in the world has raised many questions over the country's ability to substantially contribute to the growing global gas market. In this book, attempts are also made to highlight the social and economic benefits of allocating gas to domestic and export markets. This book suggests that given the country's huge domestic market, industrialisation targets, young population, and the necessity for job creation, as well as country's dependence on gas re-injection into oilfields to maintain the oil production, Iran may not want to be 'the next Qatar' in terms of exports. Available data suggest that gas export is not the most beneficial economic outcome for Iranian gas; and for all of the foregoing reasons, and even if sanctions are removed, it would take Iran 15-20 years to develop such a major export capability. This book offers recommendations to policy makers to conduct comprehensive economic analyses over costs and benefits of allocating gas to domestic and export markets, while giving due consideration to the pressing issue of 'welfare maximisation' and distributional impact of consuming gas domestically.

Introduction 1. Iran’s natural gas industry: an overview 2. Politicization of the petroleum industry 3. The impact of US and international sanctions on oil and gas development 4. Investment regime in the oil and gas sector 5. Energy subsidies and their reform 6. Natural gas allocation policy and prioritization challenges Conclusion – Iran’s gas indsutry – optimism, scepticism and potential